Volume 31, 2005
Issue 4, November 2005
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR THE CITY OF GREENSBORO, NC: A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL
Shoou-Yuh Chang and Shazia Nishat
Department of Civil Engineering
North Carolina A & T State University
Greensboro, NC 27410
ABSTRACT
Landfilling is necessary for municipal solid waste disposal but every landfill has its own finite capacity. The most common approach to extending the life of landfills is to introduce recycling, composting, and incineration into the solid waste disposal system. However, no alternative is without cost. Cost minimization is one of the major considerations in planning a solid waste management and disposal system. This research looks into optimization models for the integrated solid waste management program of the City of Greensboro, North Carolina. Collection, processing, operation and maintenance, and monitoring and regulatory costs for each alternative are included. The model successfully identifies the least cost solution. Separate analyses are carried out to evaluate the effect of recycling and incineration. Results show that incineration requires an additional $35.5 million, but extends the landfill life by 4.5 years (2009 to 2013). This translates into a revenue of $12.22 million and the net additional cost of $23.3 million. Incineration with energy sales will reduce costs considerably. Expanding the City’s current recycling and composting programs adds two years to the landfill life and saves a total of $7.8 million and $11 million, respectively. The model results indicate that it is practical and beneficial to implement incineration, and increase recycling and composting programs, even though incineration increases costs. This study demonstrates the benefits of linear programming models in solid waste management planning and was not carried out to influence the City’s waste management decision-making.
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A COMPACTED BENTONITE/SAND MIXTURE AS A LANDFILL LINER MATERIAL
Mustafa K. Ko�kar, Haluk Akg�n, �zg�r Akt�rk
Department of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University
Ankara 06531 TURKEY
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the performance of a 10:90 compacted bentonite/sand liner material through performing flow tests for the isolation of refuse in sanitary landfills. The result of a standard compaction test on a compacted sample is presented. The hydraulic conductivity of the sample, as determined through compaction permeameter testing is equal to 9.95 x 10-10 m/s, which satisfies the regulatory required hydraulic conductivity value for a compacted clayey material. Recommendations for further research are provided.
Keywords: Bentonite/sand liner; Sanitary landfill isolation
UTILIZATION OF ANKARA CLAY FOR SANITARY LANDFILL BOTTOM LINERS, TURKEY
Haluk Akg�n
Department of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University
Ankara 06531, TURKEY
Robert B. Wallace
URS Corporation, 1501 4th Avenue, Suite 1400
Seattle, WA 98101-1616 USA
ABSTRACT
This study aims at determining the geotechnical properties and the compaction permeability characteristics of a clayey soil sample obtained from the G�lbaşı site of the Ankara region in an attempt to assess its suitability as a compacted clay liner. The soil sample was permeability tested at about 3% wet of its optimum moisture content using the falling head compaction permeameter apparatus. The expected leakage rates through clay-only and composite geomembrane-clay liners constructed with compacted Ankara clay were determined. The potential effectiveness of a landfill leachate collection layer was thereby assessed. The results of the geotechnical tests and leakage rate calculations show that Ankara clay is suitable to be utilized as a compacted clay landfill liner material.
Keywords: Compacted clay liner; Ankara clay; Expected leakage rate; Leachate collection rate
ESTIMATION OF SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION USING TWO-WAY STRATIFICATION AND OPTIMUM SAMPLE SIZE — THEORY AND A CASE STUDY
Y. Zeng
Office of Social & Economic Data Analysis
University of Missouri-Columbia
Columbia, MO 65211
Tel: 573-884-9137, Fax: 573-884-4635
Email: zengyh@umsystem.edu
K.M.Trauth, R.L. Peyton, S.K.Banerji
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Missouri-Columbia
Columbia, MO 65211
ABSTRACT
The composition of a municipal solid waste stream is important for designing material recovery facilities and developing other waste minimization programs. Successful characterization depends on obtaining representative samples of the collected solid waste and making statistically precise and accurate estimates of component weights. This study is a comprehensive application of sample survey theory to estimate component weights of municipal solid waste disposed of at the City of Columbia Sanitary Landfill in Columbia, Missouri. Geographical and seasonal stratification were considered in the survey. National average variances of waste component weights were used to determine the total number of samples to be collected for the first quarter. The total number of samples for succeeding quarters were then updated using the variances of strata in the previous quarter. The total number of samples was distributed among geographical strata using an optimum allocation method. The estimation of stratified average component weight and its confidence interval are discussed. The methods are illustrated in a case study of the waste stream entering the City of Columbia Sanitary Landfill. The total number of samples required for four quarters are 151, 159, 185, and 117, respectively, for the City of Columbia. The targeted percent error was 20%. The results and new procedures developed will be helpful to solid waste management planners for designing similar surveys in other locations.
Keywords: Solid waste characterization, sample survey, integrated solid waste management planning, solid waste composition
EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZATION WITH COMPOSTED OLIVE MILL SOLID BY-PRODUCT
Omer Mughieda
Department of Civil Engineering
Tel: +96227201000 x 22460
Fax: +96227095018
Email: mughieda@just.edu.jo
Mohamad Al-Widyan
Department of Biosystems Engineering
Tel: +96227201000 x 22345
Fax: +96227095018
Email: widyan@just.edu.jo
Jamal Al-Momani
Department of Civil Engineering
Tel: +96227201000 x 22460
Fax: +96227095018
Email: mughieda@just.edu.jo
College of Engineering
Jordan University of Science and Technology
P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, JORDAN
ABSTRACT
Wide areas of Jordan soils are expansive; this poses a threat to light weight structures necessitating expensive remedial measures. In Jordan, olive mills solid by-product is produced in large amounts annually and causes environmental problems. This work examines the effect of composted olive mill solid by-product (COMSB) on the swelling properties of two local expansive soils. The experimental work involved investigating the Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength, direct shear strength, standard Proctor density, and swell pressure of the two soils treated with the stabilizing material by 2% to 8% by weight. It was found that the COMSB decreased the plasticity index, dry density, and the unconfined compressive strength. It was also found that the swell potential was reduced by up to 56% to 65% and the swell pressure was reduced by up to 55% to 72% with the upper range limits corresponding to Soil 2. Slow direct shear tests indicated that the stabilizing agent decreased the cohesion intercept while the angle of internal friction was increased by up to 45% to 67%. The findings of this study indicated that the COMSB is promising as a soil stabilizer and is a viable option of material utilization.
Keywords: Compost, Expansive soils, Olive mill waste, Soil properties, Soil stabilization, Waste utilization
MANAGEMENT OF COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND LANDFILLING OF SOLID WASTE IN SAREIN CITY
Ebrahim Fataei
Islamic Azad University – Ardabil Branch
Basij Sq. P.O.Box:467, Ardabil, Iran
Email: ebfataei@yahoo.com
Seied Masoud Monavari
Islamic Azad University (Science and research Branch)
Hesarak, Ashrafi Esfahani Blv., Poonak Sq., Tehran, Iran
Email: Monavari@EIAIran.Org
Seied Mahmood Shariet
Islamic Azad University (Science and research Branch)
Hesarak, Ashrafi Esfahani Blv., Poonak Sq., Tehran, Iran
Email: Mahmood_shariet@hotmail.com
Hassan Ali Laghaei
Islamic Azad University (Science and research Branch)
Hesarak, Ashrafi Esfahani Blv., Poonak Sq., Tehran, Iran
Email: Hlaghai@hotmail.com
Akram Ojaghi
Center of Zeinab Training, Department of Namin, Organization of Education of Ardabil Province
Ardabil, Iran
Email: Ak_ojagi@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Sarein city is one of the tourist amenities of Ardabil province in Iran. Like most other urban areas across the province, this city too, is entangled by the problem of solid waste management. The following research was conducted to find managerial know-how and hygienic disposal methods for solid waste produced in Sarein. Data collections, information produced through sampling, interviewing and field work were the methods used in this research. The physical analysis of the domestic garbage, conducted in a systematic way, was everyday four samples were taken for four running days during every week and the procedure continued in all four seasons and even in New Year time for a period of one year. The number of the samples taken totaled to 80. According to the results, average weight of the garbage produced in Sarein was about 16.8 per day and its density was about 443.78 kg/m3.The physical analysis proved that the composition of the garbage in Sarein consists of plastic, paper and board, food leavings, textile, glass, wood, and horticultural refuse and other things (rubble and dust) with 8.7 – 7.65 – 48.90 – 3.77 – 7.76 – 3.1 and 22.87 percent respectively. Finally practical methods for betterment and enhancement of the present-day ways of disposal and improvement or possible relocation of landfills were advanced.
Keywords: Collection, Transportation, Landfilling, Management, Solid Waste
Issue 3, August 2005
SEQUENTIAL LEACHING OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN BOTTOM ASH FROM A FLUIDIZED BED CO-COMBUSTION BOILER AT A PULP AND PAPER MILL COMPLEX
Hannu Nurmesniemi
Stora Enso Oyj, Veitsiluoto Mills
FIN-94800, Kemi, FINLAND
E-mail address: hannu.nurmesniemi@storaenso.com
Tel.: +358 2046 34699; Fax: +358 2046 34890
Risto P�yki�
City of Kemi, The Town Planning and Building Committee, The Environmental Research Division
Valtakatu 26, FIN-94600, Kemi, FINLAND
Toivo Kuokkanen & Paavo Per�m�ki
University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry
P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, FINLAND
Ilkka V�lim�ki
Suomen Ymp�rist�palvelu
Kiilakiventie 1, FIN-90250 Oulu, FINLAND
ABSTRACT
A five-stage, sequential leaching procedure was used to fractionate trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, As, V, Ba and Ti ) in bottom ash into the following fractions: (1) the water-soluble fraction (H2O), (2) exchangeable fraction (CH3COOH), (3) easily reduced fraction (HONH3Cl), (4) oxidizable fraction (H2O2 + CH3COONH4), and (5) the residual fraction (HF + HNO3 + HCl). The bottom ash was derived from the electrostatic precipitator of a fluidized bed boiler in the co-combustion (55 % bark and wood residues, 45 % peat) process at a pulp and paper mill in Northern Finland. Because of the strongly alkaline nature (pH ~ 12.6) and elevated Ca (53 g kg1), Mg (3.6 g kg-1), P (1.3 g kg-1) and K (2.4 g kg-1) concentrations, the bottom ash could serve as a soil amendment agent for liming purposes, and is also a potential fertilizer. According to the leaching studies, the elevated concentrations of Pb (6.3 mg kg-1), Cr (3.8 mg kg-1) and Ba (271 mg kg-1) extracted under oxidizable conditions (leaching stage 4), indicate that these metals may be mobilized and become bioavailable as a result of a change in pH.
Keywords: Bottom ash; pulp and paper mills; fluidized bed boiler; heavy metals; sequential leaching; bioavailability
DEVELOPMENT STEPS IN WASTE POTATO-BASED BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
Henrikki Liimatainen
University of Oulu, Fibre and Particle Engineering Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering
P.O. BOX 4300, FIN-90014, FINLAND
Email: henrikki.liimatainen@oulu.fi
Toivo Kuokkanen
University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry
P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, FINLAND
Email: toivo.kuokkanen@oulu.fi
Juha Tanskanen
University of Oulu, Chemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering
P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, FINLAND
Email: juha.tanskanen@oulu.fi
Jouni K��ri�inen
Oy Shaman Spirits Ltd.
Tehtaantie 5, FIN-91800 Tyrn�v�, FINLAND
Email: jouni.kaariainen@shamanspirits.com
ABSTRACT
According to the directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and the European Council ‘bioethanol fuel’ means the ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste to be used as biofuels. The target in the EU is to significantly increase the contributions of these ecologically sustainable biofuels. Therefore a strong need to develop bioethanol production exists. In this paper bioethanol production from waste potatoes is discussed. 5-20 % of the potato crop in Finland is waste potatoes which makes them a potential feedstock for bioethanol production. In this trial the effect of ten Swedish potato cultivars on lab-scale bioethanol process was investigated. Additionally, a waste solution produced as a by-product from the distillation in a Finnish bioethanol plant was analyzed in order to improve the utilization of these by-products. Preliminary studies to develop the bioethanol distillation by simulation were performed as well. The lab-scale results indicate differences between the potato cultivars especially regarding the properties of mash and ethanol yields. The results also suggest that the utilization of waste solutions from the potato spirit plant as a fuel or a solvent could be possible. The preliminary distillation simulation studies show that azeotropic water-ethanol can be obtained by cutting the lower and higher boiling ends by conventional distillation.
THE UTILIZATION AND STATUS OF STEEL INDUSTRY SLAGS: A PERSPECTIVE FROM FINLAND
R. Kallio and M. M�kikyr�
Ruukki Production, Co-products
Rautaruukki Oyj, Finland
Email: marko.makikyro@ruukki.com
Tel: + 358 20 592 3992
ABSTRACT
The world’s production of steel, about 900 million tonnes in recent years, means the generation of around 400 million tonnes of co-products, solid waste and sludge. More than 80 % of the co-products arising from steel production are slags, the further processing of which into marketable products has been an object of research and product development throughout the steel producing world. The quantities and characteristics of these materials indicate that environmental loading from the steel industry is above all a matter of volume.
The utilization of blast furnace and steel slags has long traditions and well-known applications in the building and road construction industries and in soil improvement. The product development has led to the almost 100 % utilization of blast furnace and also considerable amounts of steel slags. While new methods and applications are continuously being looked for and developed in order to utilize all types of steel industry co-products, there is at the same time an increasing debate over the status of the slags, whether they are products or waste material. This question has emerged mainly as a consequence of the recent changes in environmental legislation and regulations. This paper discusses the properties and utilization of slags and also the threats their utilization is facing at the moment in Finland.
Keywords: Utilization, blast furnace slag, steel slag, properties, environment, status
LANDFILLS IN THE LOWER HUDSON RIVER VALLEY, NEW YORK STATE: 1963-1988
Andrew D. Lent
Earth Tech
300 Broadacres Drive
Bloomfield, NJ 07003
USA
ABSTRACT
In 1964, approximately 1,600 solid waste landfills were operating in New York State. These “old landfills” were unlined and not designed to prevent ground water contamination. By 1987, only 308 landfills were operating in the state. Many of the remaining 1,292 landfills have not been closed in a manner that prevents ground water contamination. Approximately 134 old landfills were identified in the Lower Hudson River Valley. Field inspections were conducted at 57 of the 134 old landfills. These inspections and a review of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) files concluded that several landfills are contaminating ground water. Many old landfills were never maintained in a manner that prevents ground water contamination. Old landfills are often obscured by vegetation and their locations are typically not well documented. Exposed waste and tires were identified at many old landfills. Detailed investigations were conducted at seven old landfills to evaluate the presence or absence of ground water contamination. Landfill derived ground water contamination in violation of state standards was detected at each location. The most common indicators of landfill leachate impacted ground water were alkalinity, ammonia, arsenic, benzene, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, total organic carbon, and total dissolved solids (TDS).
Keywords: Landfill, ground water, New York State, leachate, arsenic, ammonia
RECOVERY OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM HOG MANURE—A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Pascale Champagne, Ph.D.
Tom Levy, M.A. Sc.
Marie-Josee Tudoret, Ph.D.
Carleton University
Civil & Environmental Engineering
1125 Colonel By Drive
Ottawa, K1S 5B6
CANADA
Email: champagne@civil.queensu.ca
ABSTRACT
Preliminary data for an Extraction and Fractionation (EF) Procedure that uses hog manure to generate agricultural products and chemical commodities is presented. The procedure was implemented in batch, laboratory scale experiments in order to assess the products generated in the process: a non-hydrolyzed (NHP) and a hydrolyzed (HP) product. These were analyzed for total solids, volatile solids, percentage Carbon, and percentage Nitrogen using spectral data from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Carbon 13-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The NHP was found to be mainly composed of carbohydrates with sugar, starch and cellulose-like characteristics. The HP was found to be more complex in nature with a higher percentage volatile solids and percentage nitrogen compared with the NHP. Spectral data of the HP suggests it could be used as an organic soil conditioner or fertilizer additive, given the outcome of future economic feasibility studies.
Keywords: Hog manure; agri-products; manure management; solid waste management; chemical extraction; value-added products; FTIR; 13C-NMR
BIOREMEDIATION OF DIESEL CONTAMINATED SOIL BY CO-DIGESTION WITH DOMESTIC SEWAGE SLUDGE
Bassim Eid Abbassi
Al-Balqa’ Applied University
19117 Al-Salt
JORDAN
Email: babbassi@bau.edu.jo
ABSTRACT
Ex-situ bioremediation for clean up of diesel-contaminated soil was tested through aerobic and anaerobic co-degradation process with domestic sewage sludge. Co-digestion experiments of soil sludge slurry have been carried out using laboratory scale batch reactors. Ex-situ bioremediation of contaminated soil was achieved in both aerobic and anaerobic processes. In the aerobic reactors, degradation rate of diesel hydrocarbons was improved as sludge concentration was increased. Maximum degradation efficiency (75 %) was achieved at sludge concentration of 10 g TSS/L after 55 hour. The anaerobic co-digestion of soil-sludge slurry showed a great potential for soil bioremediation, where 94% of hydrocarbon removal has been achieved at digestion period of 30 days.
Keywords: Bioremediation; co-digestion; aerobic; anaerobic; soil; diesel
Issue 2, May 2005
RESOURCES USE OPTIMIZATION IN SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED JUICE PLANTS IN NORTHERN FINLAND A NOVEL, WASTE-FREE UTILIZATION OF ANNUAL SHOOTS OF NORWAY SPRUCE
Helmi Mikkonen, Liisa Myllykoski, Eva Pongr�cz and Riita Liisa Keiski
University of Oulu, Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory
FIN-90014 University of Oulu. P.O. Box 4300
FINLAND
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to find utilization for the solid waste arising from small- and medium-sized juice plants utilizing natural raw materials. The complete chain of Norway spruce (Picea abies) shoots processing into aromatic syrup was reviewed from a resources use optimization view, and a novel, waste-fee processing method was suggested. During the traditional cooking and evaporation process at high operating temperatures, the nutrient value and the flavour of shoots are spoiled, and over 50% of valuable shoot material is wasted. With the novel cold extracting method, the quality of the syrup is improved, and the by-product can be utilized as aromatic seasoning. As a result of such an innovative process, the amount of solid waste, wastewater and flavour loss is significantly reduced.
Keywords: Aromatic powder, by-product, collection, equipment, forest product, Norway spruce, Picea abies, processing, raw material, syrup, utilization
HIGH-SOLIDS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FOR THE RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MANURE FROM TARO (Colocasia esculenta)
T. Bindu and E.V. Ramasamy*
School of Environmental Sciences
Mahatma Gandhi University
Kottayam, 686 560 Kerala
INDIA
ABSTRACT
Anaerobic digestion of Colocasia esculenta (Taro) was studied in `high-solids anaerobic digesters’ (HSADs) for generating energy as methane. Two kinds of HSADs were employed in which the weed along with inocula (consisting of pre-digested cow dung slurry) was subjected to anaerobic digestion. The second type (HSAD-II) was provided with two chambers; the upper chamber served as solid phase in which only the solid portions of the weed were subjected to digestion, while the lower chamber served as liquid phase where the leachate were allowed to ferment. The first type HSAD-I was similar to HSAD-II but had no partition. The reactor performance was assessed in terms of biogas yield. The results of the study indicate that the performance efficiency of the HSADs increased with the increase in the degree of phase separation. The spent weed ensuing from the HSADs was subsequently subjected to vermicomposting to obtain nutrient rich manure.
Keywords: Biogas, weeds, phase separation, Colocasia, bioleachate, solid waste, vermicomposting
RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM COMPUTER CIRCUIT BOARD SCRAP
Peter P. Scheng
Robert D. Rebinsky
Thomas H. Etsell
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB T6G 2G6
CANADA
ABSTRACT
Silver and base metals in computer circuit board scrap were first dissolved in a leaching solution containing one part concentrated nitric acid and two parts water at 70oC for one hour. This process also effected separation of the chips from the boards. After solid-liquid separation, the chips, intermixed with some solid flakes and oxide precipitates, were mechanically crushed to liberate the base and precious metals encased within protective plastic or ceramic coatings. The silver and base metals in this crushed product were dissolved by further leaching with the nitric acid solution.
The metal nitrate filtrate from the above two leach stages was treated with sodium chloride to precipitate an impure silver chloride product. This product was upgraded by dissolving in an ammonium hydroxide solution, and re-precipitating as silver chloride by pH adjustment with nitric acid. Silver chloride was then converted to silver oxide by selective precipitation with potassium hydroxide. Finally, silver oxide was converted into metallic silver by a peroxygen process.
Keywords: Silver, recycling, circuit board, metal recovery, electronic scrap, hydrometallurgy
STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOILS USING HAY MATERIAL
Mousa Attom, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Irbid
JORDAN
Mamoon Y. Shatnawi
Graduate Student
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Irbid
JORDAN
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this work is to study the potential use of hay material as a new stabilizing agent for cohesive clayey soils. For this purpose, three types of clayey soils were mixed with hay material at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% percents by dry weight of the soil. The natural physical properties of the soils such as Atterberg’s Limits, unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, and shear strength parameters were evaluated before and after hay treatment.
The experimental results indicated that the increase in the amount of the hay material decreases maximum dry density and increases both the optimum water content and plasticity index of the soil. Additionally, increasing the hay material increases the unconfined compressive strength up to certain percentages of hay content and then the unconfined compressive strength decreases. The cohesion of the clayey soils were increased by increasing the hay percent up to 4%. The California Bearing Ratio for three soils were increased with the increase of hay content up to 6% percent. Further increase in the hay content more than the 4% and 6% will decrease both the cohesion and the California bearing ratio, respectively.
Key Words: Clayey soils, Hay material, Stabilization, Shear strength, Swell
FEASABILITY OF USING WASTE MATERIALS AS FEEDSTOCKS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION
Caijian Li, M.A. Sc.
Pascale Champagne, Ph.D, P.Eng
Carleton University
Civil & Environmental Engineering
1125 Colonel By Drive
Ottawa, K1S 5B6
CANADA
Email: champagne@civil.queensu.ca
ABSTRACT
For the purpose of exploring low-cost feedstocks for ethanol production and seeking environmental-friendly alternatives in waste disposal, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from three types of feedstock from waste streams were studied: crop residues, poultry manure, and sewage sludge. The crop residues investigated include corn stalk and bagasse; they were pre-treated with KOH prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. At 40 �C, with an enzyme loading of 800 units/g substrate, the glucose yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stalk and bagasse were 65.4 � 2.3% and 51.1 � 2.3%, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stalk was further optimized by using wet substrate, which was grinded before KOH treatment, and by adding half of the enzyme dosage at the beginning of the process and half in the middle of the hydrolysis instead of adding the entire dosage at the beginning.
For poultry manure, the highest glucose conversion was achieved when it was treated with KOH and then dried and grinded prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. At operating conditions of 40�C and enzyme loading 400 units/g substrate, the glucose yield from poultry manure was 27.6�1.2%. Under the same optimum conditions as those observed for crop residues, 31.1�2.7% of wet primary sludge was converted to glucose, and it was increased to 54.2�4.0% when HCl and KOH pre-treatments were employed.
Key Words: Cellulose, corn stalk, bagasse, poultry manure, sludge, enzymatic hydrolysis, glucose yields
THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT DIRECTIVE (WEEE): DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE PHONE RECOVERY STRATEGIES IN FINLAND
Eva Pongr�cz, Jenni Yl�-Mella and Riita Keiski
University of Oulu, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering
Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory, FIN-90014, POB 4000
FINLAND
E-mail: eva.pongracz@oulu.fi
Paul S. Phillips
SITA Centre For Sustainable Wastes Management, School of Environmental Science
University College Northampton, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton
NN2 7AL
UK
Pia Tanskanen
Nokia Research Center, FIN-00045 NOKIA Group, POB 407
FINLAND
Juhani Kaakinen
North Ostrobothnia Regional Environment Centre, FIN-90101
Oulu, P.O. Box 124
ABSTRACT
This paper describes an on-going research co-operation effort between Oulu University (Finland) and local electronics and recycling industries as they seek to address the impacts resulting from the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive. The reasons why Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) becomes waste is analysed using a novel waste taxonomy. The issue of ownership is addressed and the importance of awareness raising measures is highlighted. Based on on-going developments efforts for automated mobile phone disassembly, future development and research needs are suggested.
Keywords: Waste, End-of-Life equipment, WEEE Directive, ownership, Purpose, Performance, functionality
Issue 1, February 2005
CUSTOMIZING ARCMAP INTERFACE TO GENERATE A USER-FRIENDLY LANDFILL SITE SELECTION, GIS TOOL
Roozbeh Daneshvar
Graduate Student
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa
Colonel By Hall, 161 Louis-Pasteur, Ottawa, ON
Leta Fernandes
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa
Colonel By Hall, 161 Louis-Pasteur, Ottawa, ON
Mostafa Warith
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University
350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
Bahram Daneshfar
Adjunct Professor
Department of Earth Science, University of Ottawa
Marion Hall, Ottawa, ON
ABSTRACT
The site selection study for a municipal landfill can be a costly and critical affair in the wake of limited availability of areas suitable for landfilling. Siting a landfill typically requires processing and evaluating a significant amount of spatial data with respect to various siting rules, regulations, factors, and constraints. Implementing such a complex spatial analysis with drawing tools is certainly expensive and tedious. The Geographical Information System (GIS) is capable of processing a large amount of spatial data, thereby potentially saving time and money. The objective of this paper was to enable engineering who work with GIS to have a tool for preliminary landfill site selection studies. ArcMap application, a component of ArcGIS desktop v8.2, was customized and a new tool, named “LSS toolbar”, was developed specifically for landfill siting process. Such a tailored GIS tool will automate and systematize the complex landfill siting procedure and facilitate the map integration process. The LSS toolbar will also enable engineeris and planners to investigate and compare the results of applying different criteria, constraints and scoring schemes on the final suitability map for landfill site in an area. Customization is performed using the Microsoft Visual Basic for Application (VBA).
Keywords: Landfill Site Selection, Criteria and Constraints, Geographic Information System (GIS), ArcGIS, Customization, Visual Basic for Application (VBA)
BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS – IN-SITU INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE, INTERPRETATIONS AND NEW DIRECTIONS
Chris Zeiss, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Zirkon Research, Inc.
Edmonton, Albrerta, CANADA
Jim Norstrom, pE
WM, Inc.
Houston, TX, USA
ABSTRACT
Bioreactor instrumentation systems are required to monitor a diverse set of solid, liquid, and gas parameters that vary with time and space. Most of the important conditions and performance variables (e.g. degree of biodegration) are only measurable with intrusive and expensive drilling, sampling and lab testing procedures. Others can be determined as cumulative measures of, e.g., quality of leachate and gas. Accurate in-situ measurement of important conditions are direly needed to detect upset conditions and respond to changing conditions inside bioreactor landfills. The development of in-situ measurement technology and the design of sensors must address the spatial heterogeneity of the conditions, and of moisture content, suction pressure and electrical conductivity in particular.
The development and field operation of bioreactor instrumentation systems to measure temperature, moisture content, capillary suction pressures and electrical conductivity at multiple grid points inside solid waste layers are described. Special sensors for solid waste were designed to enlarge the sampling volume in order to achieve spatial averaging of measurement on a scale of 30 cm to 1 metre. The results from over 18 months of operation in a full-scale bioreactor cell in Canada show that moisture contents results of in-situ sensors are close to the gravimetrically determined results of samples extracted by drilling. The in-situ instrumentation results also revealed the spring snow-melt as the cause of a temperature drop of 9� C and an increased moisture content by up to 5% for about three to five days. This cooling moisture infiltration event upset the conditions in the bioreactor and thereby retarded the transition from acid to stable methane fermentation. New methods to measure additional, important parameters, new sensors, and new in-situ information system designs are urgently needed to achieve optimal performance from bioreactor landfills.
ODOR CHARACTERIZATION FROM LANDFILL COVER MATERIAL
Muserref Turkmen, Steven K. Dentel
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Delaware Newark, 19716 DE
USA
Anne M. Germain
Delaware Solid Waste Authority
Dover, 19903 DE
USA
ABSTRACT
A landfill cover material, which was composed of fly ash and dewatered-digested sewage sludge, was suspected of being a significant odor source. To investigate, cover material and its components–fly ash, sewage sludge and lime, take from their sources–were incubated for 4 weeks under controlled conditions. Odorous compounds were then quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. DMDS was found to be a major odor emitted from actual cover material used in the landfill area. Contrary to expectations, fly ash addition to the sewage sludge at a 3:1 proportion did not increase its pH to levels sufficient to inhibit biological activity. Lime additions to this same mix raises its pH to 11 temporarily. Cover material preparations with different proportions of fly ash/biosolids showed that sufficient additions of fly ash did mitigate odor generation.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF METAL IN FLUE GAS FROM THE SEWAGE SLUDGE MELTING PROCESS
Kanchanapiya Premrudee
Takeo Sakano
Tokuyoshi Mikuni
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
2-40-20 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8667, Japan
Tel: +81-76-234-4661
Fax: +81-76-234-4644
Chikao Kanaoka
Ishikawa National College of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan
Yoshihiko Ninomiya
Lian Zhang
Department of Applied Chemistry
Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
Megumi Masui
Actree Corporation
Ishikawa, Japan
ABSTRACT
Experimental crucible and pilot tests were carried out to verify the possibility of selective separation of metal in sewage sludge flue gas based on the distillation process. Sewage sludge was combusted at the melting temperature of 1400 �C. The fly ash sampling method took place within a controlled temperature range of 300-800 �C. The flue gas at the high temperature dust collector with an operating temperature of 650 �C was sampled to examine the actual condition. Thermodynamics equilibrium analysis software was used to simulate the chemical compound in flue gas. The result indicated that elements in flue gas from sewage sludge combustion were composed of alkali elements (Na and K), refractory elements (P, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and Cr) and volatile metal elements (Zn, As, Pb, Cd and Cu). Based on the experimental and simulative results, the temperature range for phase partition of each metal could be determined, e.g., 650-800 �C for refractory elements (P, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, and Cr), 500-650 �C for Cu, Pb, and Zn, 300-500 �C for Cd and below 300 �C for As. From the simulative results, most of metals in the gas phase stayed in the form of chloride compounds whereas the oxide, sulfur, and phosphate compounds were found in the solid phase.
Keywords: Sewage sludge, Melting, Distillation, Metal, Separation, Phase partition
ANALYSES AND TREATMENT METHODS OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING METAL CYANIDES
Katri Saarela, Toivo Kuokkanen*, Paavo Per�m�ki
University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry
P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu
FINLAND
*Corresponding author: toivo.kuokkanen@oulu.fi, tel. +35885531661, fax +35885531603
Ilkka V�lim�ki
Suomen Ymp�rist�palvelu Oy, Kiilakiventie 1
FIN-90250 Oulu
FINLAND
ABSTRACT
Large amounts of solid wastes and waste waters containing cyanide are formed in the metal plating, electronics, and mining industries. Cyanide-containing effluents must be treated with suitable methods to convert cyanide ions to less harmful compounds. Some metal cyanide complexes, such as iron cyanide complexes, are very stable and rather difficult to treat with most methods. In this paper the potential of four different methods for the detoxification of cyanide and metal cyanide complexes is discussed. The electrolysis equipment used in this research was developed for the treatment of waste waters containing gold and silver cyanide and demonstrated in practice to function according to Faraday’s law. The aim of the experimental study was to find the optimal electrolysis time for oxidizing cyanide compounds into carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas and to investigate the reliability and functionality of five different analytical methods for analyzing waste water containing metal cyanide complexes. The results in this study showed large differences in metal and cyanide concentrations between different batches which complicated the modelling and controlling of the electrolysis process. The rapid analyses worked quite well with both KCN and pregnant solutions and can be used in semi-quantitative applications.
Keywords: Cyanide, waste water, electrolysis, rapid analysis, metal cyanide complexes, bio-degradation
THE STRATEGIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AGENDA IN ENGLAND (2004-2007) – IMPLICATIONS FOR EVIDENCE BASED POLICY FORMULATION IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Paul S. Phillips, John Morris, Anne Woolridge
University College Northampton, SITA Centre
Park Campus, Northampton, NN27AL
UK
Email: paul.phillips@northampton.ac.uk
Thomas Coskeran
Liverpool John Moores University, School of Accounting, Finance, and Economics
John Foster Building, 98 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5UZ
UK
ABSTRACT
The reform of the UK Landfill Tax Credit Scheme, in November 2002, enabled funding to be available for a more strategic approach to sustainable waste management in England. In response to recommendations made by the Strategy Unit (England), in Waste not Want not (November 2002), a new programme was announced that would be delivered by the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The Waste Implementation Programme (WIP) has a number of strands, a central one being a Waste Research Team (WRT) that oversees the implementation of the programme; this is advised by the wastes and Resources Research Advisory Group (WRRAG) that is charged with developing the research strategy for England (2004-2007). The present European Drivers are central to the planing of WRRAG as they impact upon every aspect of present policy in the UK. To develop an effective strategy, WRRAG has consulted widely with a range of key players and organisations and has produced a strategy with 8 key themes. This will be directly supported by some �15 million Central Government funds but will synergise with a whole raft of alternative funding sources. The development of a sustainable waste management research strategy for England has a number of key lessons for developing economies where policy may still be based upon historic practice rather than the accurate scientific information that is required. The UK strategy emphasises the need for central funding to create dynamic new partnerships to inform the research agenda and to deliver best practice. This has been empathised repeatedly as a requirement for developing economies. Such new alliances can impact strongly upon quality of life and enable the most appropriate waste management technologies to be selected as evidence based institutions emerge. Only through structured partnership is it possible to develop strategies that deal with issues ranging from industrial waste to MSW in small towns and most importantly, the formulation of the correct goals and perspectives.
Keywords: England, Defra, waste research strategy, developing economies