Volume 33, 2007
Issue 4, November 2007
EXTRACTABILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS AND SULFUR IN BOTTOM ASH AND FLY ASH FROM AN INDUSTRIAL POWER PLANT
Risto P�yki�
City of Kemi, The Town Planning and Building Committee
The Environmental Research Division, Valtakatu 26, FI-94100, Kemi, FINLAND
Email address: risto.poykio@kemi.fi
Tel: +358 – (0)16 259 673
Fax: +358 – (0)16 259 481
Toivo Kuokkanen and Kauko Kujala
University of Oulu
FI-90014, Oulu, FINLAND
Hannu Nurmesniemi
Stora Enso Oyj, Veitsiluoto Mill
FI-94800 Kemi, FINLAND
ABSTRACT
A five-stage sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the distribution of 11 metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mo, Zn, As, Co, V, Ni, Ba), and sulfur (S) in bottom ash and fly ash from a fluidized bed boiler at the industrial power plant of Laanilan Voima Oy in Oulu, Northern Finland, into the following fractions: (1) water-soluble fraction (H2O), (2) exchangeable fraction (CH3COOH), (3) easily reduced fraction (NH2OH-HCl), (4) oxidizable fraction (H2O2 + CH3COONH4), and (5) residual fraction (HF + HNO3 + HCl). Although the metals were extractable in all fractions, the highest concentrations of most of the metals occurred in the residual fraction. This fraction is the non-mobile fraction and is potentially the least harmful. The concentration of easily soluble Ca (24.5 g kg-1 (d.w.) in the fly ash was ca. 15 times higher than the typical value of 1.6 g kg-1 (d.w.) in arable land in Central Finland indicating that the fly ash is a potential agent for soil remediation and improving soil fertility. Both types of ash were alkaline (pH ~ 9.4 – 9.7), which means that they have a pH – buffering capacity. According to the Finnish legislation, both types of ash can be used as a fertilizer in the forest. This paper covers also examples how ashes are utilized in some Finnish pulp and paper mills.
Keywords: Extraction; ash; wood; peat; fluidized bed boiler; heavy metals; bioavailability
MODELING LEACHATE TRANSPORT IN A SANITARY LANDFILL SYSTEM—NIGER DELTA AS A CASE STUDY
Awajiogak Anthony Ujile
Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering
Rivers State University of Science and Technology
P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA
Email: ogakujile@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
A quantitative design method for Municipal landfills has been developed. The design is applicable in all environments based on the soil characteristics and other geotechnical parameters for natural attenuation type sanitary landfills receiving wastes. This will enhance the control and monitoring of prospective ground water contamination. Attenuation mechanisms and equations to determine the average contaminant concentration due to dispersion/dilution in groundwater is presented. The principle of retardation factors and dilution calculations of pollutants provides optimum design details for landfill attenuation.
Keywords: Leachate, retardation factor, dilution, transport, contaminant, landfill
BAGASSE ASH UTILIZATION IN BUILDING INDUSTRY
S. M. Ali Jawaid
Assistant Professor
Sheshank Raghatate
Graduate Student
Department of Civil Engineering
M.M.M. Engineering College
Gorakhpur–273010, U.P, INDIA
Phone : +91-551-2273910
Fax: +91-551-2273958
Email: smaj@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
India is one of the leading sugar producing countries of the world. Bagasse, a by product of the sugar industry, is used as a fuel in the boilers leading to the generation of large volume of ash. Appreciating the overall concern for environment and need for safe disposal and gainful utilization of Bagasse ash, an experimental study was carried out to utilize the same in brick manufacturing industry. On the basis of this study, it is recommended that 24.5% bagasse ash is optimum percentage to be used in the manufacturing of conventional bricks. It is found that bagasse ash bricks are better than traditional bricks in the sense that bagasse ash bricks reduce the use of fertile soil of the earth for brick manufacturing, thus, protecting the land for agricultural use.
Keywords: Bagasse, ash utilization, bricks, waste disposal, building industry, fly ash
UTILIZATION OF BAGASSE AND BAGASSE FLY ASH WASTES FOR LEAD REMOVAL
Sirawan Ruangchuay
National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM)
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, THAILAND
Manaskorn Rachakornkij
National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM)
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, THAILAND
Nurak Grisdanurak
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Thammasat University, Pathumtani, 12121 THAILAND
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to remove lead from synthetic wastewater using sugar factory wastes, bagasse and bagasse fly ash. Adsorption by these wastes can be used as an alternative to conventional treatment methods. Bagasse was treated under acidic condition while bagasse fly ash was untreated. Batch study indicated that the removal efficiency increased with increasing solution pH and adsorbent dose. Adsorption isotherms revealed that the Freundlich equation fitted the isotherm data better than the Langmuir. Bagasse fly ash was more favorable than bagasse in removing lead and thus was a better adsorbent.
Keywords: Lead; Adsorption; Bagasse; Bagasse fly ash; Wastewate
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN WASTES, RECYCLING AND THE INFORMAL SECTOR—A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Ujjaini Mukhopadhyay
Lecturer
Behala College, Department of Economics
Parnashree Pally, Behala, Kolkata – 700060 INDIA
Tel: 91-33-2436-5644
Email: mukherjee_uj@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Solid waste management in developing countries is usually characterized by two aspects: first, the informal sector plays a crucial role in recovery and recycling of solid waste, and secondly, these countries are some of the largest importers of wastes mainly used in recycling industries as intermediate goods. International agreements like the Basel Convention prohibit trade in hazardous wastes, but there exist controversies regarding effects of free trade in non-hazardous wastes. The paper attempts to examine the effects of trade liberalization on solid waste and pollution in a 3-sector general equilibrium model in the presence of informal recycling industry using imported non-hazardous wastes as intermediary. It is assumed that the formal sector augments pollution due to lax in governmental regulations, while recycling reduces pollution. Labor is measured in efficiency units, where efficiency is inversely related to pollution. The paper shows that an increase in foreign capital inflow and reduction of tariff on imported wastes may boost up informal waste recovery despite imported and domestic wastes being perfect substitutes. Informal recycling may also expand, reduce pollution and improve the environment of the economy. Therefore it may be suggested that while international agreements should prevent undesirable trade of hazardous goods, they should avoid restrictions on beneficial trade of intermediary wastes between countries.
Keywords: Waste trade, informal sector, recycling, pollution, tariff reduction, foreign capital inflow
THE EFFECT OF SHREDDED WASTE TIRE ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH, SWELLING AND COMPRESSIBILITY PROPERTIES OF THE CLAYEY SOIL
Dr. Mousa Attom, Ph.D.
Visiting Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department
American University of Sharjah
Sharjah, UAE
Email: mattom@aus.edu
Dr. Taisir Khedaywi, Ph.D.
Professor, Civil Engineering Department
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Irbid, JORDAN
Sameer Ahmed Mousa
Graduate Student
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of adding shredded waste tires on shear strength, swelling, compressibility and permeability properties of clayey soils. For this purpose, three different types of clayey soils were selected from Irbid city in northern part of Jordan and brought to Jordan University of science and technology soil laboratory. The selection of three clay soils was based on their plasticity indices. The initial physical properties of these soils were determined such as, specific gravity, Atterberg’s limits, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength, cohesion and angle of internal friction, swelling pressure and consolidation. The shredded tires passed US sieve number 4 were added to the soil at different percentages by dry weight of the soil. The percentages of shredded tires added to the soil were (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) by dry weight of soil for Atterberg’s limits, swelling pressure, and consolidation and 8 different percentages for compaction test were added to the clayey soil namely ; (2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%) by dry weight of soil. All samples were prepared at 95% relative compaction and optimum moisture content. The test results showed that increasing the amount of shredded waste tires will increase the shear strength and decrease plasticity index, maximum dry density, permeability, swelling pressure, swell potential, and the compression index of the clayey soil.
Keywords: Expansion; Compressibility; compression Index; Clayey soil
Issue 3, August 2007
RESIDENT-GENERATED COMPOST-TARGET, HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE, AND CAT LITTER AT A MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING
Stephan P. Pollard & Jennie S. Popp
Research Associate
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas
Rm. 217 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Tel: 479-799-9190
Email: stephan.pollard@gmail.com, jhpopp@uark.edu
Edward E. Gbur
Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, University of Arkansas
Rm. 101 Agricultural Annex, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Email: egbur@uark.edu
Malcolm K. Cleaveland
Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas
Rm. 113 Ozark Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Email: mcleavel@uark.edu
ABSTRACT
Development of successful multi-family dwelling (MFD) organics and household hazardous waste (HHW) diversion programs require empirical knowledge of the composition, variability, and generation rates of compostables and HHW associated with the disposal behavior of MFD residents. A full sampling of MFD residents non-bulky, non move-out disposal over a fall and spring study period was undertaken at a 28-unit apartment complex having no children in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Per capita weekly generation rates for organics and HHW categories were calculated based on the results of the test for significant differences between period means. Significant differences were found between the period means for total compost-target material (CTM) disposal. On a period average basis, generation rates for CTM ranged from 1.337 kg/person/wk for the fall period to 1.045 kg/person/wk for the spring period. No significant difference, however, was found between the period means for total HHW disposal and cat litter. HHW across the two periods averaged 0.078 kg/person/wk. Cat litter, a material collected as part of at least one large municipal waste diversion program’s organics collection, was found to represent a significant portion of total generated disposal. Implications for future CTM and HHW-focused MFD waste characterization studies are discussed.
Keywords: Multi-Family Dwelling Compost-Target; Food Waste; Soiled Paper; Cat Litter; HHW; Electronic Waste
TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM REDMUD COMPOSITE
Dr. S.K. Acharya
Assistant Professor
Naresh Prasad
Q.I.P. Research Scholar
Mechanical Engineering Department
N.I.T. Rourkela-769008
Tel: 91-661-2462502, Email: drsamirka@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Red mud emerges as the major waste material during production of alumina from bauxite by the Bayer’s process. It comprises of oxides of iron, titanium, aluminum and silica along with some other minor constituents. Based on economics as well as environmental related issues, enormous efforts have been directed worldwide towards red mud management issues i.e. of utilization, storage and disposal. Different avenues of red mud utilization are more or less known but none of them have so far proved to be economically viable or commercially feasible. In this paper attempts were made to synthesize aluminum hard particle composites by liquid casting technique using red mud as reinforcing particles with different volume fraction (10,15,20and 30 percent by weight). All the tests were carried out under dry sliding condition on a pin-on-disc machine. The wear rate and co-efficient of friction are found to be functions of normal load, sliding velocity and red mud content.
Keywords: Composite, Redmud, Volumefraction, Wear rate, Aluminum
DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM FOR FOUNDRY WASTE RECYCLING
G.P. Moynihan, D. J. Fonseca
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
E.P. Richards
Boeing Corporation
Decatur, Alabama, USA
ABSTRACT
Knowledge-based systems, such as expert systems, provide a means of automating both foundry and environmental expertise. This approach may be further leveraged by implementing the expert system on the internet. This type of knowledge-based system can provide geographically wide distribution of specialized expertise in a consistent manner. The purpose of this research was to develop a prototype web-based expert system. The system considers the recycling potential of such foundry residuals as fly ash, steel slag, and non-ferrous slags for their potential use in road construction applications. This assessment considers Environmental Protection Agency regulations and standards for hazardous waste. In operation, users answer a series of screen prompts regarding the details of their specific industrial process. The software then leads the user through the process of systematically identifying constituent materials, identifying potential health or safety issues, and prescribing recommendations for their recycling.
LOW CALORIE BISCUITS FROM BANANA PEEL PULP
Rucha Vinay Joshi
Student
Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering
Gokul Shirgaon, Kolhapur- 416 234, Maharashtra, India
Email: ruchujosh@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Annual banana production in world is about 100 million tons. However, banana peel is still considered as useless product and is discarded at large. These peels are otherwise useful and were thought to be acceptable for human consumption. Thus the idea of using peel pulp in biscuit production was explored.
Normal biscuits without peel and biscuits containing 10% and 20% peel pulp were prepared. The product so prepared was analyzed for nutritional values and for presence of fungi. The three biscuit samples were also studied for their acceptance by society on subjects of different age groups containing equal number of genders. For this, 80 pupils from different standards of a school and 20 adults were selected randomly. The response from each subject was tabulated to reveal acceptability of various qualities of the biscuits viz. color, aroma, crispiness and taste. The data collected were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Systat 10 software. The conclusions are: With increasing banana peel pulp in biscuits: a) Calories in the form of fats are reduced, b) Fibre content increases, c) No appreciable change occurs in other food values, d) No indication of fungi growth, e) Cost of raw material of biscuits drops down.
People do not significantly differentiate between aroma of normal biscuits and that containing 10% peel pulp.
Society’s acceptance of biscuits for colour, crispiness and taste decreases with addition of banana peel pulp.
People prefer the following properties of normal biscuits in descending order of a) Taste, b) Aroma and Crispiness, and c) Colour
Keywords: Banana peels; Peel Waste; Biscuits
GEOPOLYMERS, ALTERNATIVE MATRICES FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE — LEACHING CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY
Divya Khale
Research Scholar
Rubina Chaudhary
Senior Lecturer
Hazardous Waste Management Laboratory
School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya University
Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore-17, M.P., India
ABSTRACT
In this study fly ash based geopolymer was used for the immobilization of heavy metals present in the steel-processing unit bearing Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. Fly ash with a small amount of additive and activators are utilized for the solidification/stabilization of heavy metals. Microscopic studies using SEM/EDAX and XRD were performed to study the structure of the fly ash based geopolymer formed by the alkali activation and to study the effect of the sludge incorporation of the pure matrix. The new proposed matrix was found to be very efficient in stabilization of heavy metals; approximately 90 % of the heavy metals were locked into the geopolymeric matrix.
Keywords: Geopolymer, Solidification/stabilization, Heavy metals, Leachability index, Microstructure
MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING RECYCLABLES GENERATION AND COMPOSITION
Stephan P. Pollard
Research Associate, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness
Jennie S. Popp
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness
Edward E. Gbur
Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, Room 101 Agricultural Annex
Malcolm K. Cleaveland
Department of Geosciences, Room 113 Ozark Hall
University of Arkansas
Room 217 Agriculture Building
Fayetteville, AR 72701
USA
ABSTRACT
Informed multi-family dwelling (MFD) waste reduction and recyclables collection programs require empirical knowledge of the composition, variability, and generation rates of recyclables associated with the waste disposal behavior of MFD residents. A full sampling of MFD residents’ non move-out, non-bulky disposal over four study periods was undertaken at a 28-unit apartment complex having no children in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Generation rates for commonly collected categories of recyclables were calculated based on the results of the test for significant difference between period means. Using analysis of variance and a 10% significance level, no significant difference was found between the period means for corrugated boxes, rigid paperboard, mixed paper, HDPE bottles and jugs, steel cans and lids, aluminum cans, and clear glass constituent recyclable material groups. Significant differences were, however, found between the period means for newspaper, PET bottles and jugs, the glass material group brown glass, green glass, and total recyclable disposal. The period average total recyclable generation rate ranged from 1.97 kg/person/wk to 2.77 kg/person/wk across the periods.
Fifty-two percent of the average resident’s generated weekly solid waste was recyclable– an amount that would likely have been noticeably higher had cats not been permitted. Implications for future MFD waste characterization studies are discussed.
Keywords: Multi-family dwelling solid waste characterization; Multi-family dwelling solid waste generation; Multi-family dwelling recycling; Apartment complex recycling; Cat litter; Food waste disposers
Issue 2, May 2007
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROTHERMALLY TREATED ALUMINA-SILICA RICH INDUSTRIAL WASTE CEMENT SYSTEMS — EFFECT OF MAGNESIA ADDITION
B. Liu, A. Ray, P.S. Thomas, D. Klimesch and J.P. Guerbois
Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Sciences
University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007
Email: barry.liu@uts.edu.au
ABSTRACT
The utilisation of industrial waste products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and fired clay-brick, as supplementary cementing materials to produce blended Portland cement (PC) has increased worldwide in recent years. The incentive was directed towards the utilisation of wastes and industrial by-products in order to minimise PC consumption, thus reduce CO2 emissions. This study aims to investigate the potential of magnesia (MgO) as a supplementary material in combination with alumina-silica rich fired clay brick waste fines. Compressive strength results showed adverse effects on the additions of brick waste fines and MgO. However, for blended PC with the addition of both brick waste and magnesia, an apparent synergy, indicating a minimising of strength reduction, was observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the presence of brucite, a hydration product of MgO, in the MgO blended PC suggesting a lack of pozzolanic activity of MgO.
STUDIES ON HYDRAULIC TRANSPORTATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE — FLY ASH MIXTURE SLURRY
P.K. Senapati
Scientist, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR)
Bhubaneswar -751 013, India
Email: Senapati_pk@yahoo.com
D. Panda
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering
C.V.Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar-752054, India
A. Parida
Retired Scientist, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR)
Bhbaneswar -751 013, India
ABSTRACT
The present investigation highlights the transport characteristics of sewage sludge – fly ash mixture to be used as top soil in barren agricultural land for enhancing its fertility. Both mineralogical and rheological studies have been carried out. Mineralogical studies indicated the constituents imparting fertility to the soil. The rheological characteristics of the mixture slurry have been determined in a Haake RV100 rheometer at overall slurry concentration between 30-50% by weight. The slurry showed pseudo plastic behaviour within the range of study. The head loss of the mixture slurry has been determined by applying Torrance equation. Based on the results, the basic design parameters for transporting 0.5-1 million tones of total dry solids (fly ash and sewage sludge) per annum have been worked out.
Keywords: Sewage Sludge, Fly ash, Mineralogy, Rheology, Head loss, Hydraulic transportation
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF VOLUME AND LENGTH OF JUTE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CEMENT AND ASPHALT CONCRETE
Dr. Yusuf Mehta, P.E., Associate Professor
Brian Arledge, Ryan Veasy, Keith Maurer, Diana Garcia, Deborah Suazo Davila, Students
Dr. Kauser Jahan, Professor, P.E.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Rowan University
Rowan Hall, 201 Mullica Hill Road
Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
ABSTRACT
Jute is grown extensively in south Asia. It serves as a critical source of income for poor farmers in the region. It is however still under utilized and a lot is wasted. Since jute fibers have a strong tensile strength, they may have a potential to arrest and reduce crack growth. Since asphalt binder in asphalt concrete is the weakest component, the properties of jute and its effect on cracking performance of asphalt binder needs to be evaluated. However, as the jute is increased to replace the binder, beyond a certain point insufficient binder may cause poor cohesion between the two materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate its potential as a reinforcing material in asphalt concrete. In this study, fiber strength, fiber density, absorption rates, and jute-binder bond strength were determined. Subsequently, beams of asphalt binder were made from varying concentrations and lengths of jute, and its flexural strength and flexural stiffness were measured at -10�C, 0�C and 10�C. Asphalt concrete specimens were also tested in indirect tensile mode with a predetermined amount of jute at 10�C. The effect of jute on the mechanical properties of asphalt binder and asphalt concrete were evaluated. The results presented in the paper provide the properties of jute and its influence on cracking resistance of asphalt binder and asphalt concrete.
Keywords: Jute fiber; asphalt cement; renewable resources; pavement, rebar
AGRONOMIC PROPERTIES AND HEAVY METALS CONTENT IN SOIL RECLAIMED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE–BASED SYSTEM FOR FOUNDRY WASTE RECYCLING
Somkid Prabpaia, Ph.D. (Public Health) Program, Faculty of Public Health
Lertchai Charerntanyarak, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health
Boonmee Siri, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture
Khon Kaen University
Khon Kaen, 40002, THAILAND
Michael R. Moore
The National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology
University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plans, Queensland 4108, AUSTRALIA
ABSTRACT
Landfill soils reclaimed from municipal solid waste landfill were characterized for agronomic properties and heavy metals. The samples were collected from Khon Kaen Municipality engineered landfill, Khon Kaen, Thailand, approximately aged 10-15 years, and screened with a 6.3-mm sieve. Chemical properties analysis was undertaken by appropriate procedure, and heavy metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The landfill soil characteristics measured include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), total N, available P, K, Mg and Ca; results obtained were 8.1, 4.2 dS/m, 4.4 cmol/kg, 4.9%, 0.27%, 23.2 mg/kg, 1.24 g/kg, 10.5 g/kg and 0.43 g/kg, respectively. The heavy metal contents in landfill soil included 2.0 As, 3.25 Cd, 3.3 Co, 38.0 Cr, 166.0 Cu, 1533.0 Fe, 0.72 Hg, 412 Mn, 22.0 Ni, 157.0 Pb, 1.0 Se, 44.0 Sn and 662 Zn mg/kg, respectively. These heavy metal concentrations were within permissible limits for land application described by Thailand and US EPA. This result indicated that municipal solid waste landfill had potential for recovery soil, and its use for soil amendment.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste; Landfill; Heavy metal; Landfill soil
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR A DEVELOPING MEGA CITY — NAIROBI, KENYA
Thomas E.O. Odhiambo
Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
100029 Beijing, CHINA
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Moi University
P.O. Box 3900 Eldoret, KENYA
Xiujin Li
Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology
100029 Beijing, CHINA
Henry K. Rotich
College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University
Changchun 130026, CHINA
Simon Osembo
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Moi University
P.O. Box 3900 Eldoret, KENYA
ABSTRACT
Waste generation, both domestic and industrial, continues to increase world-wide in tandem with growth in consumption. In developed countries, per capita waste generation increased nearly three-fold over the last two decades, reaching a level five to six times higher than that in developing countries. With increases in populations and living standards, waste generation in developing countries is also increasing rapidly, and may double in volume in the current decade. If current trends continue, the world may see a five-fold increase in waste generation by the year 2025. A high proportion of the waste could be recycled by the urban poor generating income for themselves and protecting the environment. There is a need to develop an integrated approach where the public, private and community sectors work together to develop local solutions promoting sustainable solid waste management hence sustainable development in a typical developing country like Kenya. This article is therefore based on a case study of solid waste management and options for a typical fast developing mega city in the developing world, Nairobi the capital city of Kenya.
Keywords: Solid Waste, Waste Generation, Waste Management, Integrated Waste Management, Nairobi
DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC COATINGS USING RED MUD — A SOLID WASTE OF ALUMINA PLANTS
Alok Satapathy, S.C. Mishra
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela, India
P.V. Ananthapadmanabhan and K.P. Sreekumar
L & PT Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center
Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT
Plasma Spraying is a surface modification technique that combines particle melting, rapid solidification and consolidation in a single process. But as high cost of spray grade powders limits the adoption of this technique, exploring newer and cheaper materials suitable for plasma spray coating has drawn a lot of attention. This work reports an attempt to spray coat red mud (the waste generated in alumina producing plants) on different metal substrates. Plasma sprayed coatings of red mud have been developed at different operating power levels of the plasma gun on aluminium and copper substrates. Coating adhesion strength and deposition efficiency were studied at various operating conditions. Characterization of the coatings includes micro hardness measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the operating power appreciably influences the coating adhesion strength and coating thickness. Coatings deposited at very low and very high power levels show poor adhesion. Maximum interface adhesion strength of ~8MPa was recorded at operating power of 12 kW. This work establishes ‘red mud’ as a potential coating material, which may be suitable for wear resistant applications. It also suggests a value added utilization of this industrial waste.
Issue 1, February 2007
A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WATER INFILTRATION IN THE GEOTECHNICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF URBAN SOLID WASTE IN TROPICAL WEATHER IN BRAZIL
Fernando F. Junqueira
Golder Associates Ltd.
500 – 4260 Still Creek Drive
Burnaby, V5C 6C6
B.C. CANADA
Tel: 604 296 4248; Fax: 604 298 5253; Email: fjunqueira@golder.com
Antonio Rafael Leite Silva
Ennio Marques Palmeira
University of Brasilia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – FT
70910-900 Bras�lia
DF BRAZIL
Tel: 55-61-3273 7313/Ext. 217, Fax: 55-61-32734644
Email: palmeira@unb.br
ABSTRACT
Climatic conditions such as high precipitation rates play an important role in the degradation of urban solid waste as well as influence the quantity and quality of the leachate generated.
Taking into account the significant contamination potential of waste effluent, and considering that the understanding of waste behavior is of paramount importance in proper landfill site design, the behavior of urban solid waste is an issue that still requires up-to-date research.
A large number of developing countries are situated in the southern hemisphere under the influence of tropical weather. In developing countries, the waste generated in some large cities is dumped in open areas, which lack the appropriate engineering infrastructure. This significantly increases the risks of contamination, affecting both the environment and the surrounding population.
This paper presents the results of a five year research program carried out at a solid waste landfill in Brasilia, Brazil. Field experimental cells and intermediate scale boxes were used to monitor the geotechnical, geochemical and biological behavior of urban solid waste. Variations in the internal waste temperatures, settlement rates, influence of oxygen diffusion through the waste, presence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and variations in the quality and quantity of leachate generated were studied.
Keywords: Solid waste, water infiltration, landfill, leachate properties, environmental geotechnics
CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES INFLUENCING RECYCLING RATES IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Edward A. McBean
Professor and Canada Research Chair
School of Engineering, University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
Fabiano Gondim
Supervisor of Landfills, City of Hamilton
Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
Frank Rovers
Vice-President, Conestoga-Rovers & Associates
Waterloo, Ontario, CANADA
ABSTRACT
Approximately 95% of municipalities in a number of developing countries do not have source separation recycling programs, and diversion from the solid waste stream varies between 3% and 5% in these municipalities. This level of diversion is being achieved primarily by wastepickers at the landfill site working face. While conditions at the landfill sites are difficult, wastepickers’ income from the sale of recyclable material is between 1.6 and 6 times the minimum wage. The wastepickers’ income could double as a result of oil price increase trends.
Considering the diversion practices currently observed in developing countries, an increase in diversion rates to 10% of the solid waste stream may be feasible. However, there is little opportunity to increase diversion rates beyond this without the implementation of source separation recycling programs or centralized composting facilities.
Keywords: Composting, sustainable, recycling, wastepickers, PET
A KEY UK ISSUE: MANAGING MUNICIPAL SOLID FOOD WASTE —A CASE STUDY FROM HACKNEY, LONDON
David Birley
Safe Neighbourhoods Unit
16 Winchester Walk
London SE1 9AG, UK
Peter Murton
Peter Murton Direct Waste Management
214 Main Road
Northampton, NN56 RE, UK
Paul S. Phillips and Terry Tudor
SITA Centre, University of Northampton
Northampton, NN2 7AL, UK
Email: paul.phillips@northampton.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
The East London Community Recycling Partnership (ELCRP) food waste scheme serves 3 014 dwellings per week in the Borough of Hackney, London. Over the summer and autumn of 2006 it was estimated that on average 439 dwellings set out material every week (14.55%) diverting 1.1 tonnes of food waste into recycling per week. Further research indicates that the 3 014 dwellings produce an average of 11.73 tonnes of food waste per week. The ELCRP scheme is currently diverting about 10% of the food waste generated, into a recycling (composting) scheme. Participation rate (dwellings taking part once in a four week period) is estimated at about 24%. About 17% of dwellings served are regular participants (taking part two or more times in a four week period). The scheme performs at a similar level to some other London based food waste initiatives examined in recent Waste and Resource Action Programme (WRAP) research. Very significant performance improvements are required for the scheme to achieve recently set Hackney targets. We estimate that on average 3.89 kg of food waste is generated per dwelling per week by the 3 014 households served by the ELCRP scheme. If this estimate is correct, the best performing scheme reported in the recent WRAP study would still divert only 26% of food waste into recycling suggesting that there is a need for food waste schemes to implement systematic and imaginative campaigns to improve public participation.
Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Landfill Directive, Food Waste, Recycling, Hackney targets
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST ADSORBENTS FOR REMOVAL OF PHENOL FROM WASTEWATER
Anita Bindal
Kavita Sharma
Centre for Energy Studies (CES), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
New Delhi-110016, India
Kasturi Gadgil
Chief Scientific Officer, (CES), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
New Delhi-110016, India
ABSTRACT
Experimental studies were carried out on development of low cost adsorbent materials for removing phenol from waste water followed by comparison of their adsorption characteristics with activated carbon. Simulated studies were conducted for generating waste biomass after solvent extraction. For activation GPFMAC (German Process for manufacturing activated carbon) was adopted with some modifications. Equilibrium experiments showed that the adsorption capacities of the prepared activated carbon from raw biomass (sawdust and corncob) as well as biomass residue (after extraction from ginger and neem) were higher when compared with raw biomass, charred biomass, biomass residue char. Results of these experiments have been reported in the present communication.
Keywords: Low cost adsorbents, Biomass, Activated carbon, Phenol removal, Gas liquid chromatography
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE — REDUCTION OF THE CHROMIUM CONTENT OF TANNERY SOLID WASTE AS A STEP IN THE CLEANER PRODUCTION OF GELATIN
M. Catalina, A.P.M. Antunes, G. Attenburrow, A.D. Covington, P.S. Phillips
School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton
Boughton Green Road, Northampton, NN2 7AL, United Kingdom
J. Cot
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
ABSTRACT
Treatment of chrome shavings, a solid waste from the leather industry, by reducing its chromium content was investigated to determine whether it could be used in the production of high value-added products like gelatin. An oxidative dechroming process was used to remove the chromium from the shavings achieving a dechroming ratio of 96%. Thermal behaviour of chrome shavings with different chromium content was studied using DSC analysis, revealing that chromium is responsible for imparting stability to the collagen fibres. Gelatin, with different chemical and mechanical properties, was obtained by thermal and chemical hydrolysis of the collagen fibres using different alkaline hydrolytic agents, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3). The denaturation temperature (TD) of the gelatins was found to be 30 �C and 62 �C for NaOH and NH3-derived gelatins, respectively. The effect of the chromium content on the physical and thermal properties of gelatin was also investigated, confirming the stabilising role of chromium in the fibres. Gelatin can be used in applications such as encapsulation, binding, adhesive production, film forming or finishing agent in the paper, wood, ink, textile and leather industries. Therefore, this treatment can add value by using a cleaner production pathway to a valuable product extracted from what was previously hazardous waste.
Keywords: Chrome shavings; Dechroming; Gelatin; Hydrolysis; Denaturation temperature; Thermal stability
BIOMETHANATION OF UNSORTED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE— PROSPECT FOR LOW-INCOME ECONOMIES
Bernard Fei-Baffoe
Chair of Waste Management
Gunter Busch
Chair of Waste Management
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Process Engineering
Brandenburg University of Technology
Siemens-Halske-Ring 8, 03046, Cottbus, Germany
Email: bbaffoe@hotmail.com, feibaffoe@yahoo.com, busch@tu-cottbus.de
ABSTRACT
The prospect of anaerobic digestion of unsorted municipal solid waste (UMSW) was assessed. Simulated waste consisting of a blend of unsorted municipal solid waste and market waste was studied in a double-stage mesophilic batch experiment, providing basic information on COD, OA, VOS, TS and pH profiles during hydrolysis, and in addition, gas yield during methanogenesis. Degradation rate of 42�19% (dry matter) of volatile organic solid of the starting waste material was achieved. Significant amount of biogas with high methane quality was produced. Reduction of COD and OA concentrations during methanogenesis were 90�6, and 97�2.1% respectively. The results obtained suggest that, based on appropriate pretreatment method, UMSW can be biologically treated yielding valuable by-products.
Keywords: Unsorted waste, anaerobic digestion, pretreatment, simulated waste, developing countries, Ghana